|
The black redstart (''Phoenicurus ochruros'') is a small passerine bird in the redstart genus ''Phoenicurus''. Like its relatives, it was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae), but is now known to be an Old World flycatcher (Muscicapidae). ==Taxonomy and systematics== This species belongs to a Eurasian clade which also includes the Daurian redstart, Hodgson's redstart, the white-winged redstart, and maybe the Ala Shan redstart. The present species' ancestors diverged from about 3 mya (Late Pliocene) onwards and spread throughout much of Eurasia from 1.5 mya onward.〔Ertan, K. T. (2006). The Evolutionary History of Eurasian Redstarts, ''Phoenicurus''. ''Acta Zoologica Sinica'' 52 (Supplement): 310–313. (PDF fulltext )〕 It is not very closely related to the common redstart. As these are separated by different behaviour and ecological requirements and have not evolved fertilisation barriers, the two European species can nonetheless produce apparently fertile and viable hybrids.〔〔Grosch, K. (2004). Hybridization Between Redstart ''Phoenicurus phoenicurus'' and Black Redstart ''P. ochruros'', and the Effect on Habitat Exploitation. ''J. Avian Biol.'' 35 (3): 217-223 (HTML abstract)〕 There are a number of subspecies which differ mainly in underpart colours of the adult males; different authorities accept between five and seven subspecies. They can be separated into three major groups, according to morphology, biogeography, and mtDNA cytochrome ''b'' sequence data.〔〔〔〔 ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' group. basal central and eastern Asian forms which diverged from the ancestral stock as the species slowly spread west (c.3-1.5 mya). Females and juveniles light grey-brown. * ''Phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides''. Tian Shan eastwards to Mongolia. Small; adult males have lower breast, belly and flanks deep rufous, pale wing-patch absent, sometimes white forehead. Overall quite similar to a much darker common redstart with black chest. Females and juveniles are similar to common redstart but have an overall sandier, paler colour and often a distinct buff eye-ring. * ''Phoenicurus ochruros rufiventris''. Turkmenistan eastwards through Pamir and Alay Mountains to Himalaya. Usually large; adult males like ''P. o. phoenicuroides'', but darker overall, with black back and rufous-chestnut underside. Females with rufous tinge to underside. Exact limits with ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' unresolved. * * ''Phoenicurus ochruros xerophilus''. China east of and between ranges of preceding two. Large; colour pattern like ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' but paler. Included in ''P. o. rufiventris'' by many authorities.〔 ''P. o. ochruros'' group. Western Asian forms, whose lineage separated from the ''gibraltariensis'' group c.1.5-0.5 mya. Females and juveniles intermediate. * ''Phoenicurus ochruros ochruros''. Eastern Turkey, Alborz, and Caucasus. Small, somewhat intermediate between ''P. o. phoenicuroides'' and ''P. o. gibraltariensis''. Generally like latter, but rufous underside, pale wing patch weakly developed. * ''Phoenicurus ochruros semirufus''. Levant. Small; adult males somewhat similar to ''rufiventris'' except in size. Black areas extensive. ''P. o. gibraltariensis'' group. European population, which formed as a distinct subspecies probably during the last ice age. Females and juveniles dark grey. * ''Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis''. Western Europe east to the Crimea and western Turkey. Neck, upper back and shoulders dark slate grey to black in adult males, lighter than face and neck, pale wing patch strongly developed. * * ''Phoenicurus ochruros aterrimus''. Iberia and Morocco. :Neck, upper back and shoulders black in adult males. Wide intergradation with ''P. o. gibraltariensis'' and treated as a synonym of it by many authorities.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「black redstart」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|